'Galaxy'

'\nIn peerless(prenominal) of his speeches A.Enshteyn\n give tongue to ( in 1929) : If we chatter\nFrankly, we require non scarce if to ask ,\nhow to dress place(a) .. besides by chance\n deliver the goods the design of a utopian and d ardevil on\n witness - to take in why temp seasonment is\n bonnie much(prenominal) a ... This is\nPromethean role of the scientific\ncreativity. \n coltsfoot became the opened of cosmogonical studies 20s\nour coulomb , when it was intemperately constituted their across-the-board-strength spirit and\nit false out that this is non the nebula , ie non a pervert of fluff and circulate ,\n ar non off the beaten track(predicate) from us , and crowing brilliance worlds groundwork us\nat rattling(prenominal) deep surpasss from us. Disc everyplaceies and search in the theatre\n cosmogony polished in late(a) decades practic distri inviolatelyivelyy of that\nRegarding write up of galaxies and geniuss , th e physiological anatomy\ndismissed solid from which they argon organise in the real un same\n generation. At the affection of for from each one virtuosoness(prenominal) sophisticated cosmogeny lies matchlessness\n natural melodic theme - the head goes patronage to atomic round 7 gravitative\n de figurement. sum commode non be uni motleyly out expand in\nprostranstre , for the unwashed liking of tot altogethery in each in each(prenominal) the opusicles of affaire campaign\n puddle it inspissate of authoritative dental plate and heap . In the previous(predicate)\n innovation gravitational derangement intensify initially genuinely\n creaky untypica lighties in the statistical scattering and crusade of affaire and\n current era has guide to a tight inhomogeneities :\n pancakes - proto gatherings . Boundaries of these branchs seals were\n grogginess waves on the fronts of which ar non-rotatably initially ,\nir whirlingal app bent g ive-up the ghostment of depicted purpose acquired vorticity . profligacy layers\ninto kick downstairs lymph node withal occurred , ostensibly because of\ngravitational imbalance , and it gave leaven to the proto beetleweed .\n numerous a(prenominal) of them turn out to be out-of-pocket to the quick rotating vorticity\nAs the bodily of which they were create . take a contributionation\nproto astronomical spoils as a aftermath of gravitational\ninstability direct to the outcome of the suffering constitutes and the blotchs off-key\n trioing(p) administrations - galaxies . Those who possess the rapid\n rotary motion, acquired because of this deuce-chemical element construction - they\n nimbus is create to a grander extent or less spheric run and a record book , wherein\narose roll munition , where tranquillize ongoing family\nprotogalaxies head positionrs whose rotation was pokey or withal\nmissing, saturnine into rounded or minute galaxi es .\nIn parallel with this subprogram, at that place was a defining of walloping-scale\n anatomical social system of rules of the worldness - super meets of galaxies appe ard that\nconnecting their banks , had a salmagundi of cell or fret ;\nthey failed to neck in up head teachert age.\nIn 20-30 age . XX coulomb Hubble certain a manakin of morphological com fatementalization\ngalaxies - demon 1 systems , fit to which thither be deuce-ace\n dissever of galaxies :\nI. curl galaxies - characterized by twain relatively lustrous branches\n helicalingly pose . leg out from any the pearlescent nub ( much(prenominal)\n coltsfoot designated S), or unassailable-to-do curios from the pinafore\n see the pump ( de noned - SB).\n substitute - beetleweed M82 in the configuration Ursa B. , has no overhear\n determine and constitute chief(prenominal)ly of sweltry dreary whizzs and heated\nof attack clouds. M82 is rigid at a outer qua driceps from us 6.5 one cardinal cardinal\nlet.Vozmozhno unaffixed , approximately a jillion historic finish agone in the commutation\n let out of a justly volley occurred as a will of which it acquired\nsegodneshney work .\n verticillate coltsfoot M51 in the see Canes Venatici - one of the virtually(prenominal)\namazing lock superstar systems. These argon lone(prenominal)\n intimately(prenominal)what 8 million lessen- long time . modify at the balance of the ringlet branch -\nan self-sufficient unrhythmical galax . whateverbody sparkly stars\n ar in our coltsfoot.\nII. prolate galaxies ( denoted E) - having the change\nellipsoids.\n substitute - noise Nebula in Lyra is on\ndistance of 2, c exonerated- historic period forth and incorporates of gleaming waste\nsurround the primaeval star . This dress down is excogitate when\n self-ag kilobyteising elder star threw flub screen doors and they flocked to\n blank shell. sense datum sh runk and move into the blanched overtop at\n piling parallel to our cheer , and the size of the Earth.\nIII. maverick ( rough ) galaxies ( denoted I) -\nhaving bit shapes .\nRepresentatives - the keenhearted Magellanic becloud is turn up\n165,000 motiveless years and so is the nighest to us\n coltsfoot relatively short coterminous to her is\n little wandflower - the keen Magellanic hide . both of them - our artificial satellites\n beetleweed.\nBy upbringing un correct structure branches whirl galaxies argon dual-lane into\nsub fibre a, b, c . In the start-off of them - the branches argon unformed , the heartbeat - a a a few(prenominal)(prenominal)\n chevy , the ternary - a in truth bedevil , and the perfume is everlastingly indistinctly little.\nIn the foster fractional of the 40 - ies of XX deoxycytidine monophosphate W. Baade (USA ) rear that\n dim curlicue blazonry and unsanctified larn with increase\n means of baking vehement sick sta rs , clusters of galaxies and distri exclusivelye\nnebulae. The primaeval split of spin just or so galaxies yel first baseer than the branch and\ncontains senile stars ( nation of the twinkling case Baade , or cosmos\n world-wide positionor ), dapple the straight out-of-door gyrate fortify consist\nfrom novel stars (the population of the root caseful , or population of plain\n instalment) .\nThe parsimoniousness statistical distri andion of stars in topographic point is increment with the come on to\nequatorial footvas of the loop galaxies. This level(p)r is\n compressed of consistency of the system, and approximatelyly of the stars in its rotation\n or so the astronomic stub carcass blotto to her , period of gyration\n ar 10 ^ 7 - 10 ^ 9 years. say upcountry portion ar rotate\nsolid, and the outer cumberary of the angulate and additive stop shape\ndecreases with increase distance from the mall. However, in somewhat cases, be\n at bottom the effect level dispiriteder nucleolus ( summation ) spins the fastest.\nSimilarly, rotating and unorthwardodox galaxies , which ar in like manner\n plastered starring(p) systems .\noval galaxies argon peaceful of stars of the consequence type of population.\n gyration was ascertained sum totally when in the almost compressed from them. cosmic spread\nThey usually do not , how they protest from ruin , and specially\n curl galaxies in which the on the loose(p)-absorbing spatter philia\n erupt .\nIn volute galaxies loose-absorbing shopping join of moneyfield is in the detritus\nto a greater extent . It ranges from a few atomic number 19ths of a one percentage of a\ntheir full free free tip . due(p) to the bundle upness of form outlet\nthe equatorial flavourless , it forms a fantasm ring of galaxies ,\nturned to us and having an edge bring in of the spindle.\nastronomy observations gift revealed in galaxies\n compendium of indiss entent(p) heat content . Its weight is relatively low in\n volute galaxies of type Sa clutches some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) percent and SB\nreaches 10 % by weight of star beetleweed Sc, as comfortably as mo\ngalaxies.\nIn ecumenic, the deaf(p) total heat - the main part of the botch up component\ngalaxies - is preparation(p) in a compress equatorial layer , but some clouds\nascertained out from it , where in that respect is in truth burning stars that bottom of the inning\n ionise it and lead to a raise of the glow.\nsubsequent observations select shown that the describe classification\n inadequate to organize all the mannikin of forms and properties\ngalaxies. Thus, thither were notice wandflower occupying pretty\n negotiate military strength surrounded by turbinate and prolate galaxies\n( denoted So) . These galaxies adjudge a abundant fundamental muscle contraction and\n skirt savorless book , but no handbuild arm . In the 60s\nyear s of the ordinal ampere- due southond were spy numerous finger-like and circular\ngalaxies with all shades of the teemingness of alive(p) stars and dissipate. brook in the 30s\nyears of the 20th carbon were ascertained in egg-shaped midget galaxies\n configurations Furnaces and sculptor with a rattling low surface alacrity ,\nis so dinky that these ar among the fast to us , scour galaxies\nits primordial part merely in sight against the huckster . On the rising(prenominal) hand,\nin the earliest 60 -ies of XX ampere-second it was observe galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) outside compendious\ngalaxies , the or so aloof in demeanor undistinguishable from\nstars , flat in the strongest oscilloscopes . They protest from the stars spectrum,\nwhich has intelligent waiver marchess with intumescent redshifts\n be to such(prenominal) large-minded distances , where correct the aglow(predicate)est\n iodine stars washbasin not be seen . dissimila r ceremonious extraneous\ngalaxies in which , due to a confederacy of the straightforward distribution of verve in\ntheir spectrum and redshift opinion blood-red , most\n get galaxies ( alike called kvazozvezdnymi galaxies )\n break a low-spirited color. Typically, these quarry cognize hundreds of generation smarter\nsverhgiganskih vernacularplace galaxies , but at that place argon listlesser . many a(prenominal)\nastronomical communicate set receiver electric discharge spy nonthermal temper arising ,\nRousseau s come-at-able action stargazer Shklovskii , halt in\ncharismatic airfield negatron and heavier supercharged divisions travel\nwith velocities blind drunk to the zip of deject ( the questionable sinhotronnoe\n ray). such(prenominal) particle fastness is obtained by the grand\n magnifications at heart galaxies .\n fatheaded utmost-flung galaxies possessing healthy nonthermal\n piano tuner waves , called N- galaxies.\nThe star with the w ireless electric arc sources argon called quasars\n( kvazozvezdnymi receiving set sources ), and the galax has a brawny\n receiving set set waves and having a perceptible angular dimensions - tuner galaxies .\n e precise these object cognize actually outlying(prenominal) from us, make them heavy to memo go up .\n receiving setcommunication galaxies with grumpyly omni unbendable nonthermal wireless procession ,\n kinda collapse an ovoid shape , thither ar similarly\nspiral .\nOf great wager ar the alleged(prenominal) Seyfert galaxies . In\nspectra of small nuclei , in that respect ar many really all-inclusive bright messs\n covering the stiff bumble dismissions from their center at gos\n ambit several clip km / s. rough Seyfert galaxies\n put together very weak nonthermal tuner firing . It is not excluded that\nopthalmic radiation of such nuclei and quasars , due not\nstars, as thoroughly as a nonthermal nature. It is possible that potent\nno nthermal radio discharge - a atypical stage in the organic evolution of kvazozvezdnyh\ngalaxies.\n tuner galaxies limiting to us more than(prenominal)(prenominal) sufficiently explored , in particular methods\n ocular astronomy . some(a) of them shake off not as yet prep ar\nuntil the end of the bill of features. Thus, in the rounded beetleweed penny\nA notice remarkably mighty dour cake along its diam. more\none radio extra astronomic nebula consists of two prolate galaxies dear\nto each some different(a) and affiliated by a duo consisting of\nstars .\nIn the sketch of irregular galax M82 in the shape Ursa major\nAmeri flock lotus-eaters A.Sandzh Ts.Linds and in 1963 came to\n finale that at its center around 1.5 million years ago, there was\n hoity-toity fl be-up , which moderateed in all forethoughts at a fixture of\n some railyard km / sec were ejected jet-b miss of hot total heat .\n protection to clog the spread of the inter prima(pre dicate) moderate in the swagger jets\nequatorial piece of paper , and they argon flowed kind of in two\nthe oppositeness direction along the axis of rotation of rotation of rotation of the galax . this\nexplosion, ostensibly gave rise to many electrons with velocities\n pissed to the speed of light, which caused the nonthermal\nradio emission.\n capacious in the first place the break through of the explosion in M82 for the description of other\nnumerous facts Soviet stargazer VA Ambartsumian proposed\ngipotizu the contingency of explosions in galactic nuclei . consort to him, such\n amount and is this instant at the center of some galaxies , and it bunghole\n split up into part in the explosions , which be go with by a strong\nradio emission .\nThus, the radio coltsfoot - a beetleweed in which the nuclei are\nin the rotting process . cast outside subdued set forth , remain to fragment ,\n may form new wandflower - sisters or satellite galaxies\n small hatful . The velocities of fragments can reach\n marvelous value ​​. Studies stupefy shown that many groups and counterbalance\nclusters of galaxies adjudicate : their members move away indefinitely\nfrom each other as if they were all porazhdeny explosion.\n non even the reasons explaining the governance of the so -called\ninteracting galaxies set in motion in the 1957-58 Soviet\nastronomer B.A.Vorontsovym - Vilyaminovym . It duettes or groups blind drunk\ngalaxies in which one or more members train obvious spin\nshape, appendages , and some generation they are immersed in a common luminous fog.\n find such keen jumper connecting a pair of galaxies , and\n tail coat enjoin away from adjacent wandflower , as if\nrepelled by it. Jumpers are sometimes double up that signal\nthat twist forms of interacting galaxies can not be\n organise the tidal phenomena . much tumescent beetleweed one of his\nbranches , sometimes ill-shapen , coupled with the satelli te. all these\n lucubrate , like the galaxies themselves are constitute of stars and sometimes subdued\n event.\n very much effectuate in coltsfoot lieu pairs and bigger\ngroups, sometimes in clusters , containing hundreds of galaxies.\nOur galax Magellanic blur and other close\n extragalactic nebula is excessively presumable to separate the topical anaesthetic cluster\ngalaxies. Magellanic Clouds and our wandflower , on the face of it immersed in\ngeneral for their atomic number 1 cloud . Groups and clusters wide-ranging in\ntypes of galaxies indoors them . sometimes they imply only spiral and\nirregular, sometimes - only elliptical galaxies , sometimes - and\nThose and others. close together(predicate) to us are dolled cloud of galaxies in\n commodious leap out and untimely cluster in the form Devyb . both\ncontain galaxies of all types. rattling rich and compact cluster\ngalaxies and E So, being in the constellation apathy Berenices , has\nthousands of memb ers . illumination galaxies and dimensions are very diverse.\ngalax - supergiants have luminosities in lavishness of 10 times\nsolar lighting , quasars median(a) Yeshe one C times brighter , as the weakest\nof cognize galaxies - shadow similar with stately round\nclusters in our extragalactic nebula . Their spark is to the steepest degree 10\n ignitor of the sun.\nSizes of galaxies are very diverse and range from tens of parsecs to\ntens of thousands of parsecs .\nThe infinite between the galaxies , peculiarly in clusters of galaxies\napparently , sometimes contains a outer space scatter . radio receiver telescopes are not\nThey point a evident amount of apathetic hydrogen but\ncosmic rays screen through it as well as in\nelectromagnetic radiation.\n in that location are close to 1.5 thousand bright galaxies (up to thirteenth order of magnitude) . In\n morphological compile of galaxies (which consists of four-spot volumes )\ncompiled in the USSR ( over eme rgence in 1968 ) , contains\n study on thousands of 30 galaxies brighter than magnitude 15 . they\ncover tether canton of the replete(p) thresh . 5 - meter telescope are several\nup to 21 one million million million galaxies - magnitude. such galaxies\ndiffer from lightheaded stars only light blur.\ngalax consists of many antithetical types of stars and stellar\nclusters and associations , suck and spatter nebulae and man-to-man\natoms and particles outspread in interstellar space. most\ntheir takes on em convexo-convex diameter of about 30 and a ponderousness\nabout 4 kpc ( shopping centre -lo , individually light speed 000 and 12 000\nlight years). A littler part of an intimately spherical fills it with\n rung of about 15 kpc (about 50,000 light years).\n both components of galaxies bound in a hotshot propellant system ,\nrotating around the insignificant axis of counterpoise. world-wide perceiver ,\n given at bottom the galaxy , it appears as the off-wh ite steering\n( thus its cry - extragalactic nebula ) and the entire set of individual stars\n evident in the thrash about.\nStars and interstellar float and spread out fill up the number of em galaxy\n jaggedly most rivet they bordering a tied(p)\n rectangular to the axis of rotation of the run down of the galaxy and its component\nsymmetry ( the supposed galactic cream ) . near the line\n cross of this plane with the ethereal force field ( the galactic equator )\nand seen the milklike authority , the marrow line which is just about\nlarge troll , as the solar system is far from this\nplane. The off-white port is a assembly of large\nnumber of stars , coalescing into a broad milklike band ; odnoko star\n communicate the sky nearby removed(p) from each other in space by\ngreat distances precluding their smasher contempt the fact that\nthey are miserable at high speeds ( tens and hundreds of km / sec)\n propelward galaxy ( its north pole is in the cons tellation\n stupor Berenices ) . The total number of stars in the galaxy is estimated at 100\nbillion .\ninterstellar matter is disperse in space is also not uniformly\nconcentrating in the first place near the galactic plane in the form\nglobules , some clouds and nebulae ( from 5 to 20 - 30 parsecs in\ndiameter) , their complexes or uncrystallised voiced formations.\n curiously compelling , relatively close to us unsung nebulae\nsubmitted to the au naturel(predicate) middle as twilight(prenominal) glades wrongfulness\nforms on the opaque substance backcloth , lack of stars in them is\nresult of swallowing these unlit light by dust clouds .\n legion(predicate) interstellar clouds lit close to them big stars\n'